Victor Hugo

Biography

Victor Marie Hugo (1802–1885) was a towering figure of French Romanticism, whose prolific career encompassed poetry, novels, and plays. Born in Besançon, France, he quickly rose to prominence as a literary force, becoming a leading exponent of the Romantic movement. His early works, including the controversial play *Hernani*, challenged classical conventions and established his reputation. Hugo's most enduring literary achievements are his novels, particularly *Les Misérables* (1862) and *The Hunchback of Notre-Dame* (1831), which are celebrated for their sweeping narratives, profound social commentary, and deeply drawn characters. Beyond literature, Hugo was a committed political activist, advocating for social justice, republicanism, and the abolition of the death penalty. His outspoken political views led to his exile for nearly two decades during the Second French Empire under Napoleon III, a period during which he continued to write prolifically. Upon his return to France, he was hailed as a national hero. His works continue to be translated, adapted, and revered globally, solidifying his status as one of the greatest writers in history.